Category: CISA Alerts

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 8.4
ATTENTION: Low attack complexity
Vendor: Horner Automation
Equipment: Cscape
Vulnerability: Out-of-bounds Read

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to disclose information and execute arbitrary code.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following versions of Horner Automation Cscape, a control system application programming software, are affected:

Cscape: Version 10.0 (10.0.415.2) SP1

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 OUT-OF-BOUNDS READ CWE-125
Horner Automation Cscape version 10.0 (10.0.415.2) SP1 is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could allow an attacker to disclose information and execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Cscape.
CVE-2025-4098 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4098. A base score of 8.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States

3.4 RESEARCHER
Michael Heinzl reported this vulnerability to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Horner Automation has released Cscape version 10.1 SP1 for download.
For more information, see Horner Automation’s release notes.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability is not exploitable remotely.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 8, 2025: Initial Publication 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 8.4
• ATTENTION: Low attack complexity
• Vendor: Horner Automation
• Equipment: Cscape
• Vulnerability: Out-of-bounds Read

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to disclose information and execute arbitrary code.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

The following versions of Horner Automation Cscape, a control system application programming software, are affected:

• Cscape: Version 10.0 (10.0.415.2) SP1

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 OUT-OF-BOUNDS READ CWE-125

Horner Automation Cscape version 10.0 (10.0.415.2) SP1 is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could allow an attacker to disclose information and execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Cscape.

CVE-2025-4098 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4098. A base score of 8.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States

3.4 RESEARCHER

Michael Heinzl reported this vulnerability to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Horner Automation has released Cscape version 10.1 SP1 for download.

For more information, see Horner Automation’s release notes.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

• Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
• Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
• Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability is not exploitable remotely.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 8, 2025: Initial Publication

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 8.2
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely
Vendor: Mitsubishi Electric
Equipment: CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module, CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module, CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module, CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module, CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY
Vulnerability: Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to cause a denial-of-service condition on the affected products.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following versions of Mitsubishi Electric CC-Link IE TSN, a network controller, are affected:

CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCF1-32D/32T: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCE3-32D/32DT: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A4-16D/16DE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A2-16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A42-16DT/16DTE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2S-60AD4: Versions 07 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2B-60AD4: Versions 07 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2S-60DA4: Versions 07 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2B-60DA4: Versions 07 and prior
CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module NZ2GN2S-D41P01/D41D01/D41PD02: Version 01
CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY NZ2GACP620-300/60: Versions 1.08J and prior

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 IMPROPER VALIDATION OF SPECIFIED QUANTITY IN INPUT CWE-1284
A remote attacker could cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition in the products by sending specially crafted UDP packets. The threat arises when the affected product does not receive a valid UDP packet within 3 seconds after receiving a specially crafted UDP packet from a remote attacker, necessitating a system reset of the product for recovery.
CVE-2025-3511 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV: N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-3511. A base score of 8.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Japan

3.4 RESEARCHER
Mitsubishi Electric reported this vulnerability to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Mitsubishi Electric recommends that users update to the following:

CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCF1-32D/32T: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCE3-32D/32DT: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A4-16D/16DE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A2-16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A42-16DT/16DTE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2S-60AD4: Versions 08 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2B-60AD4: Versions 08 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2S-60DA4: Versions 08 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2B-60DA4: Versions 08 or later
CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module NZ2GN2S-D41P01/D41D01/D41PD02: Versions 02 or later
CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY NZ2GACP620-300/60: Versions 1.09K or later

Mitsubishi Electric recommends users take the following mitigation measures to minimize the risk of exploiting this vulnerability:

Use a firewall, virtual private network (VPN), etc. to prevent unauthorized access when Internet access is required.
Use within a LAN and block access from untrusted networks and hosts through firewalls.
Restrict physical access to the affected products and the LAN to which they are connected.
Install anti-virus software on your PC that can access the product.

For more information, see Mitsubishi Electric advisory 2025-001.
CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability has a high attack complexity.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 8, 2025 – Initial Republication Mitsubishi Electric Advisory 2025-001 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 8.2
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely
• Vendor: Mitsubishi Electric
• Equipment: CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module, CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module, CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module, CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module, CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY
• Vulnerability: Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to cause a denial-of-service condition on the affected products.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

The following versions of Mitsubishi Electric CC-Link IE TSN, a network controller, are affected:

• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCF1-32D/32T: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCE3-32D/32DT: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A4-16D/16DE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A2-16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A42-16DT/16DTE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 09 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2S-60AD4: Versions 07 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2B-60AD4: Versions 07 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2S-60DA4: Versions 07 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2B-60DA4: Versions 07 and prior
• CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module NZ2GN2S-D41P01/D41D01/D41PD02: Version 01
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY NZ2GACP620-300/60: Versions 1.08J and prior

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 IMPROPER VALIDATION OF SPECIFIED QUANTITY IN INPUT CWE-1284

A remote attacker could cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition in the products by sending specially crafted UDP packets. The threat arises when the affected product does not receive a valid UDP packet within 3 seconds after receiving a specially crafted UDP packet from a remote attacker, necessitating a system reset of the product for recovery.

CVE-2025-3511 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV: N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-3511. A base score of 8.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Japan

3.4 RESEARCHER

Mitsubishi Electric reported this vulnerability to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Mitsubishi Electric recommends that users update to the following:

• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-32D/32T/32TE/32DT/32DTE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCF1-32D/32T: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GNCE3-32D/32DT: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A4-16D/16DE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A2-16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN12A42-16DT/16DTE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2S1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote I/O module NZ2GN2B1-16D/16T/16TE: Versions 10 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2S-60AD4: Versions 08 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Analog-Digital Converter module NZ2GN2B-60AD4: Versions 08 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2S-60DA4: Versions 08 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Digital-Analog Converter module NZ2GN2B-60DA4: Versions 08 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN FPGA module NZ2GN2S-D41P01/D41D01/D41PD02: Versions 02 or later
• CC-Link IE TSN Remote Station Communication LSI CP620 with GbE-PHY NZ2GACP620-300/60: Versions 1.09K or later

Mitsubishi Electric recommends users take the following mitigation measures to minimize the risk of exploiting this vulnerability:

• Use a firewall, virtual private network (VPN), etc. to prevent unauthorized access when Internet access is required.
• Use within a LAN and block access from untrusted networks and hosts through firewalls.
• Restrict physical access to the affected products and the LAN to which they are connected.
• Install anti-virus software on your PC that can access the product.

For more information, see Mitsubishi Electric advisory 2025-001.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

• Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
• Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
• Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability has a high attack complexity.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 8, 2025 – Initial Republication Mitsubishi Electric Advisory 2025-001

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 9.3
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
Vendor: Pixmeo
Equipment: OsiriX MD
Vulnerabilities: Use After Free, Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to cause memory corruption, resulting in a denial-of-service condition or to steal credentials.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following Pixmeo products are affected:

OsiriX MD: Versions 14.0.1 (Build 2024-02-28) and prior

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 USE AFTER FREE CWE-416
The affected product is vulnerable to a use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to upload a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption leading to a denial-of-service condition.
CVE-2025-27578 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-27578. A base score of 8.7 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.2 USE AFTER FREE CWE-416
The affected product is vulnerable to a local use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to locally import a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption or a system crash.
CVE-2025-31946 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-31946. A base score of 6.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.3 CLEARTEXT TRANSMISSION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION CWE-319
The Osirix MD Web Portal sends credential information without encryption, which could allow an attacker to steal credentials.
CVE-2025-27720 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-27720. A base score of 9.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Healthcare and Public Health
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Switzerland

3.4 RESEARCHER
Chizuru Toyama of TXOne Networks and Canaan Kao of TXOne Networks reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Pixmeo recommends users to download the latest version of OsiriX MD.
For additional support regarding OsiriX MD, users should contact Pixmeo directly.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this these vulnerabilities, such as:

Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 8, 2025: Initial Publication 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 9.3
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
• Vendor: Pixmeo
• Equipment: OsiriX MD
• Vulnerabilities: Use After Free, Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to cause memory corruption, resulting in a denial-of-service condition or to steal credentials.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

The following Pixmeo products are affected:

• OsiriX MD: Versions 14.0.1 (Build 2024-02-28) and prior

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 USE AFTER FREE CWE-416

The affected product is vulnerable to a use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to upload a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption leading to a denial-of-service condition.

CVE-2025-27578 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-27578. A base score of 8.7 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.2.2 USE AFTER FREE CWE-416

The affected product is vulnerable to a local use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to locally import a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption or a system crash.

CVE-2025-31946 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-31946. A base score of 6.9 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.2.3 CLEARTEXT TRANSMISSION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION CWE-319

The Osirix MD Web Portal sends credential information without encryption, which could allow an attacker to steal credentials.

CVE-2025-27720 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.4 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-27720. A base score of 9.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Healthcare and Public Health
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Switzerland

3.4 RESEARCHER

Chizuru Toyama of TXOne Networks and Canaan Kao of TXOne Networks reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Pixmeo recommends users to download the latest version of OsiriX MD.

For additional support regarding OsiriX MD, users should contact Pixmeo directly.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this these vulnerabilities, such as:

• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

• Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
• Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
• Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 8, 2025: Initial Publication

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 8.2
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
Vendor: Hitachi Energy
Equipment: RTU500 series
Vulnerabilities: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’), Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to execute cross-site scripting or trigger a denial-of-service condition on the affected device.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
Hitachi Energy reports the following products are affected:

RTU500 series: Versions 12.0.1 to 12.0.14
RTU500 series: Versions 12.2.1 to 12.2.11
RTU500 series: Versions 12.4.1 to 12.4.11
RTU500 series: Versions 12.6.1 to 12.6.9
RTU500 series: Versions 12.7.1 to 12.7.6
RTU500 series: Versions 13.2.1 to 13.2.6
RTU500 series: Versions 13.4.1 to 13.4.3

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’) CWE-79
A vulnerability exists in the webserver that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. A malicious actor could perform cross-site scripting on the webserver due to an RDT language file being improperly sanitized.
CVE-2023-5767 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.0 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5767. A base score of 7.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.2 Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input CWE-1285
A vulnerability exists in the HCI IEC 60870-5-104 that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. An incomplete or incorrectly received APDU frame layout may cause blocking on the link layer. The error is caused by endless blocking when reading incoming frames on the link layer with incorrect length information of APDU or delayed reception of data octets. Only the communication link of the affected HCI IEC 60870-5-104 is blocked. If the attack sequence stops, the communication to the previously attacked link stabilizes.
CVE-2023-5768 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.9 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5768. A base score of 8.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.2.3 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’) CWE-79
A vulnerability exists in the webserver that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. A malicious actor could perform cross-site scripting on the webserver due to user input being improperly sanitized.
CVE-2023-5769 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.4 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5769. A base score of 5.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Switzerland

3.4 RESEARCHER
Hitachi Energy reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Hitachi Energy recommend users take the following actions as well as following general mitigation measures:

RTU500 series Versions 12.0.1 – 12.0.14: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.0.15
RTU500 series Versions 12.2.1 – 12.2.11: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.2.12
RTU500 series Versions 12.4.1 – 12.4.11: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.4.12
RTU500 series Versions 12.6.1 – 12.6.9: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.6.10
RTU500 series Versions 12.7.1 – 12.7.6: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.7.7
RTU500 series Versions 13.2.1 – 13.2.6: Update to CMU Firmware Version 13.2.7
RTU500 series Versions 13.4.1 – 13.4.3: Update to CMU Firmware Version 13.4.4 or 13.5.1

For more information see the associated Hitachi Energy PSIRT security advisory.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities, such as:

Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Recognize VPNs may have vulnerabilities, should be updated to the most recent version available, and are only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 8, 2025: Initial Republication of Hitachi Energy Advisory 8DBD000176 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 8.2
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
• Vendor: Hitachi Energy
• Equipment: RTU500 series
• Vulnerabilities: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’), Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to execute cross-site scripting or trigger a denial-of-service condition on the affected device.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

Hitachi Energy reports the following products are affected:

• RTU500 series: Versions 12.0.1 to 12.0.14
• RTU500 series: Versions 12.2.1 to 12.2.11
• RTU500 series: Versions 12.4.1 to 12.4.11
• RTU500 series: Versions 12.6.1 to 12.6.9
• RTU500 series: Versions 12.7.1 to 12.7.6
• RTU500 series: Versions 13.2.1 to 13.2.6
• RTU500 series: Versions 13.4.1 to 13.4.3

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’) CWE-79

A vulnerability exists in the webserver that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. A malicious actor could perform cross-site scripting on the webserver due to an RDT language file being improperly sanitized.

CVE-2023-5767 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.0 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5767. A base score of 7.0 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.2.2 Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input CWE-1285

A vulnerability exists in the HCI IEC 60870-5-104 that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. An incomplete or incorrectly received APDU frame layout may cause blocking on the link layer. The error is caused by endless blocking when reading incoming frames on the link layer with incorrect length information of APDU or delayed reception of data octets. Only the communication link of the affected HCI IEC 60870-5-104 is blocked. If the attack sequence stops, the communication to the previously attacked link stabilizes.

CVE-2023-5768 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.9 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5768. A base score of 8.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.2.3 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’) CWE-79

A vulnerability exists in the webserver that affects the RTU500 series product versions listed above. A malicious actor could perform cross-site scripting on the webserver due to user input being improperly sanitized.

CVE-2023-5769 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.4 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2023-5769. A base score of 5.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Switzerland

3.4 RESEARCHER

Hitachi Energy reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Hitachi Energy recommend users take the following actions as well as following general mitigation measures:

• RTU500 series Versions 12.0.1 – 12.0.14: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.0.15
• RTU500 series Versions 12.2.1 – 12.2.11: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.2.12
• RTU500 series Versions 12.4.1 – 12.4.11: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.4.12
• RTU500 series Versions 12.6.1 – 12.6.9: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.6.10
• RTU500 series Versions 12.7.1 – 12.7.6: Update to CMU Firmware Version 12.7.7
• RTU500 series Versions 13.2.1 – 13.2.6: Update to CMU Firmware Version 13.2.7
• RTU500 series Versions 13.4.1 – 13.4.3: Update to CMU Firmware Version 13.4.4 or 13.5.1

For more information see the associated Hitachi Energy PSIRT security advisory.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities, such as:

• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Recognize VPNs may have vulnerabilities, should be updated to the most recent version available, and are only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

• Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
• Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
• Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 8, 2025: Initial Republication of Hitachi Energy Advisory 8DBD000176

 Read More

 ​CISA has added two new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.

CVE-2024-6047 GeoVision Devices OS Command Injection Vulnerability
CVE-2024-11120 GeoVision Devices OS Command Injection Vulnerability

These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise.
Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information.
Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria. 

CISA has added two new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.

• CVE-2024-6047 GeoVision Devices OS Command Injection Vulnerability
• CVE-2024-11120 GeoVision Devices OS Command Injection Vulnerability

These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise.

Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information.

Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.

 Read More

 ​CISA is increasingly aware of unsophisticated cyber actor(s) targeting ICS/SCADA systems within U.S. critical Infrastructure sectors (Oil and Natural Gas), specifically in Energy and Transportation Systems. Although these activities often include basic and elementary intrusion techniques, the presence of poor cyber hygiene and exposed assets can escalate these threats, leading to significant consequences such as defacement, configuration changes, operational disruptions and, in severe cases, physical damage. CISA strongly urges Critical Infrastructure Asset Owners and Operators to review the following fact sheet for detailed guidance on reducing the risk of potential intrusions:

Primary Mitigations to Reduce Cyber Threats to Operational Technology 

CISA is increasingly aware of unsophisticated cyber actor(s) targeting ICS/SCADA systems within U.S. critical Infrastructure sectors (Oil and Natural Gas), specifically in Energy and Transportation Systems. Although these activities often include basic and elementary intrusion techniques, the presence of poor cyber hygiene and exposed assets can escalate these threats, leading to significant consequences such as defacement, configuration changes, operational disruptions and, in severe cases, physical damage. CISA strongly urges Critical Infrastructure Asset Owners and Operators to review the following fact sheet for detailed guidance on reducing the risk of potential intrusions:

• Primary Mitigations to Reduce Cyber Threats to Operational Technology

 Read More

 ​CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.

CVE-2025-27363 FreeType Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability

These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise.
Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information.
Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria. 

CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.

• CVE-2025-27363 FreeType Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability

These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise.

Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information.

Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 8.5
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
Vendor: BrightSign
Equipment: Brightsign Players
Vulnerabilities: Execution with Unnecessary Privileges

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow for privilege escalation on the device, easily guessed passwords, or for arbitrary code to be executed on the underlying operating system.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
Products using the following versions of BrightSign OS are affected:

BrightSign OS series 4 players: Versions prior to v8.5.53.1
BrightSign OS series 5 players: Versions prior to v9.0.166

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 EXECUTION WITH UNNECESSARY PRIVILEGES CWE-250
BrightSign players running BrightSign OS series 4 prior to v8.5.53.1 or series 5 prior to v9.0.166 contain an execution with unnecessary privileges vulnerability, allowing for privilege escalation on the device once code execution has been obtained.
CVE-2025-3925 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-3925. A base score of 8.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Commercial Facilities, Financial Services, Food and Agriculture, Healthcare and Public Health
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States

3.4 RESEARCHER
Adam Merrill, a member of the Adversarial Modeling and Penetration Testing (AMPT) team at Sandia National Laboratories, reported this vulnerability to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
BrightSign fixed CVE-2025-3925 in v8.5.53.1 (for series 4 players) and v9.0.166 (for series 5 players). Both of these have been released and available on the BrightSign download site.
BrightSign recommends the following security practices:

Change default passwords when the device is initially set up.
Disable the local DWS as described in “High Security settings”.
Disable the SSH/telnet server when not being used – it is not enabled by default.
Devices should be located where an attacker does not have physical access to the device.
SD and USB ports can be disabled if not needed.

For more information, please contact BrightSign via their website.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities, such as:

Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as virtual private networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 6, 2025: Initial Publication 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 8.5
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
• Vendor: BrightSign
• Equipment: Brightsign Players
• Vulnerabilities: Execution with Unnecessary Privileges

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow for privilege escalation on the device, easily guessed passwords, or for arbitrary code to be executed on the underlying operating system.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

Products using the following versions of BrightSign OS are affected:

• BrightSign OS series 4 players: Versions prior to v8.5.53.1
• BrightSign OS series 5 players: Versions prior to v9.0.166

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 EXECUTION WITH UNNECESSARY PRIVILEGES CWE-250

BrightSign players running BrightSign OS series 4 prior to v8.5.53.1 or series 5 prior to v9.0.166 contain an execution with unnecessary privileges vulnerability, allowing for privilege escalation on the device once code execution has been obtained.

CVE-2025-3925 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-3925. A base score of 8.5 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Commercial Facilities, Financial Services, Food and Agriculture, Healthcare and Public Health
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: United States

3.4 RESEARCHER

Adam Merrill, a member of the Adversarial Modeling and Penetration Testing (AMPT) team at Sandia National Laboratories, reported this vulnerability to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

BrightSign fixed CVE-2025-3925 in v8.5.53.1 (for series 4 players) and v9.0.166 (for series 5 players). Both of these have been released and available on the BrightSign download site.

BrightSign recommends the following security practices:

• Change default passwords when the device is initially set up.
• Disable the local DWS as described in “High Security settings”.
• Disable the SSH/telnet server when not being used – it is not enabled by default.
• Devices should be located where an attacker does not have physical access to the device.
• SD and USB ports can be disabled if not needed.

For more information, please contact BrightSign via their website.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities, such as:

• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as virtual private networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 6, 2025: Initial Publication

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 9.3
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
Vendor: Optigo Networks
Equipment: ONS NC600
Vulnerability: Use of Hard-coded Credentials

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to establish an authenticated connection with the hard-coded credentials and perform OS command executions.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following versions of Optigo Networks ONS NC600 are affected:

ONS NC600: Versions 4.2.1-084 through 4.7.2-330

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 USE OF HARD-CODED CREDENTIALS CWE-798
In Optigo Networks ONS NC600 versions 4.2.1-084 through 4.7.2-330, an attacker could connect with the device’s ssh server and utilize the system’s components to perform OS command executions.
CVE-2025-4041 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4041. A base score of 9.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Canada

3.4 RESEARCHER
Tomer Goldschmidt of Claroty Team82 reported this vulnerability to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Optigo Networks recommends users implement at least one of the following additional mitigations:

Use a dedicated NIC on the BMS computer and exclusively use the computer for connecting to OneView to manage your OT network configuration.
Set up a router firewall with a white list for the devices permitted to access OneView.
Connect to OneView via secure VPN.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 6, 2025: Initial Publication 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 9.3
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
• Vendor: Optigo Networks
• Equipment: ONS NC600
• Vulnerability: Use of Hard-coded Credentials

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to establish an authenticated connection with the hard-coded credentials and perform OS command executions.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

The following versions of Optigo Networks ONS NC600 are affected:

• ONS NC600: Versions 4.2.1-084 through 4.7.2-330

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 USE OF HARD-CODED CREDENTIALS CWE-798

In Optigo Networks ONS NC600 versions 4.2.1-084 through 4.7.2-330, an attacker could connect with the device’s ssh server and utilize the system’s components to perform OS command executions.

CVE-2025-4041 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4041. A base score of 9.3 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Critical Manufacturing
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Canada

3.4 RESEARCHER

Tomer Goldschmidt of Claroty Team82 reported this vulnerability to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Optigo Networks recommends users implement at least one of the following additional mitigations:

• Use a dedicated NIC on the BMS computer and exclusively use the computer for connecting to OneView to manage your OT network configuration.
• Set up a router firewall with a white list for the devices permitted to access OneView.
• Connect to OneView via secure VPN.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

CISA also recommends users take the following measures to protect themselves from social engineering attacks:

• Do not click web links or open attachments in unsolicited email messages.
• Refer to Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams for more information on avoiding email scams.
• Refer to Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks for more information on social engineering attacks.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 6, 2025: Initial Publication

 Read More

 ​View CSAF
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CVSS v4 6.1
ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
Vendor: Milesight
Equipment: UG65-868M-EA
Vulnerability: Improper Access Control for Volatile Memory Containing Boot Code

2. RISK EVALUATION
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow any user with admin privileges to inject arbitrary shell commands.
3. TECHNICAL DETAILS
3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following versions of UG65-868M-EA, an industrial gateway, are affected:

UG65-868M-EA: Firmware versions prior to 60.0.0.46

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
3.2.1 Improper Access Control for Volatile Memory Containing Boot Code CWE-1274
An admin user can gain unauthorized write access to the /etc/rc.local file on the device, which is executed on a system boot.
CVE-2025-4043 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4043. A base score of 6.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N).
3.3 BACKGROUND

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Energy
COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: China

3.4 RESEARCHER
Joe Lovett of Pen Test Partners reported this vulnerability to CISA.
4. MITIGATIONS
Milesight released the latest firmware Version 60.0.0.46 for the UG65 gateway. Users can download the latest firmware from the Milesight download center.
Please contact Milesight technical support for more information about this issue and for instructions for installing the latest firmware.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

Ensure that principles of least privilege are followed.
Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as virtual private networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.
5. UPDATE HISTORY

May 6, 2025: Initial Publication 

View CSAF

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• CVSS v4 6.1
• ATTENTION: Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity
• Vendor: Milesight
• Equipment: UG65-868M-EA
• Vulnerability: Improper Access Control for Volatile Memory Containing Boot Code

2. RISK EVALUATION

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow any user with admin privileges to inject arbitrary shell commands.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

3.1 AFFECTED PRODUCTS

The following versions of UG65-868M-EA, an industrial gateway, are affected:

• UG65-868M-EA: Firmware versions prior to 60.0.0.46

3.2 VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW

3.2.1 Improper Access Control for Volatile Memory Containing Boot Code CWE-1274

An admin user can gain unauthorized write access to the /etc/rc.local file on the device, which is executed on a system boot.

CVE-2025-4043 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.8 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N).

A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-4043. A base score of 6.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is (CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N).

3.3 BACKGROUND

• CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS: Energy
• COUNTRIES/AREAS DEPLOYED: Worldwide
• COMPANY HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: China

3.4 RESEARCHER

Joe Lovett of Pen Test Partners reported this vulnerability to CISA.

4. MITIGATIONS

Milesight released the latest firmware Version 60.0.0.46 for the UG65 gateway. Users can download the latest firmware from the Milesight download center.

Please contact Milesight technical support for more information about this issue and for instructions for installing the latest firmware.

CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:

• Ensure that principles of least privilege are followed.
• Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.
• Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.
• When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as virtual private networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.

CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.

CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.

CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.

Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.

Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.

No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time.

5. UPDATE HISTORY

• May 6, 2025: Initial Publication

 Read More